Contents

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Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.

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(p. 860) Index 

(p. 860) Index
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date: 16 February 2019

Page numbers followed by b, f, and t indicate boxes, figures, and tables, respectively. (p. 861)

Abstinence versus harm-minimization prevention programs, 581–582
Abuse
child
depression and, 25, 34
mania and, 35
neuroendocrine changes, 41
suicidal behavior and, 490–491
physical, suicidal behavior and, 490–491
sexual. SeeSexual abuse
Acamprosate for alcohol use disorders, 446
Accountable care organizations (ACOs), 609
Acculturation, eating disorders and, 350
Acute stress disorder, 270
Acute versus chronic care, 621, 629
ADAPT (Antidepressant and Psychotherapy trial), 51–52
Adolescence. See alsoChildren
biological features, 203–205
brain development during, 109–110, 110f, 203–204
definition, 100
hormonal changes, 119
mental health problems during. See Mental health disorders; specific disorders
substance use during. SeeSubstance use; Substance use disorders
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, 378, 636
Adolescent Suicide Awareness Program (ASAP), 504
Adrenal hormones and adolescent behavior, 119
Adventure programs, 561b
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, 75
Affective disorders. SeeMood disorders
Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA), xxiii–xxiv, 608–610, 617, 620–621, 634
African Americans
depression, 28–29, 53, 75, 82
eating disorders, 351
gambling, 576–577
suicide rate, 485
After-school programs for positive youth development, 556, 559, 560–561b
Aggressive behavior, 489. See also Violence, exposure to
Agoraphobia, 192, 195–196
Alaskan Natives, suicide rate of, 485
Alcohol dehydrogenase, 385
Alcohol use and abuse
adolescents and, 411–413
age of purchase, 469–470
alcohol dependence as adult, 428
anxiety and, 261
binge drinking, 409–411, 417f
clinical aspects of, 406–416, 408t, 409–410f
cocaine and, 400
in college setting, 416, 488–489
consequences of, 411
cultural and societal factors in, 413
detoxification from, 446–447
general description of, 406–407
genetics and, 385
Internet addiction and, 589
prevalence of, xxii, 408–409, 409–410f
problematic, 407–408, 408t
risk and protective factors for, 413–415
screening for, 624
suicidal behavior and, 488–489
withdrawal from, 407, 408t
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs)
comorbidities, 414–415
etiology of, 413–415
issues in determining, 412–413
pharmacotherapy for, 450–451
prevalence of, 411–413
Allostasis, 376
Alprazolam for panic disorder, 247
Amazing Chateau gambling prevention program, 583t
Amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa, 308
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, 499
American Indians. SeeNative Americans
(p. 862) American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM), 626
Amphetamine abuse. See alsoStimulant abuse
in adolescence, 397–400
schizophrenia and, 101
Amygdala
activating factors, 205–206
in anxiety disorders, 216–217
developmental changes, 204
extended, in drug addiction, 375
Angel Dust, 425–426
Animal models of substance use disorders, 373–376, 374f
Anorexia nervosa. See alsoEating disorders
binge eating/purging subtype, 291, 292b
combination therapy for, 324–325
comorbidities, 302–303, 340, 365
cross-cultural studies, 349–350
diagnostic criteria for, 291, 292b, 364
diagnostic migration, 304, 365
DSM-V criteria, 291, 292b
epidemiology, 301, 306t, 365
etiology, 290–291
inpatient treatment, 326
medical complications, 305, 307–309, 365
osteoporosis in, 308–309, 310–312
outcome, 303–304, 365
outpatient treatment, 326
pharmacotherapy for, 321–322, 330
prevalence of, 296–297, 306t
prevention programs, 353–361
combined, 358–359
family based, 359
in high-risk populations and settings, 359–361
research agenda, 367
targeted, 356–358
theoretical models, 353
universal, 354–356
psychosocial therapy, 316–320
evaluation, 319–320
randomized controlled trials, 316–319
relapse prevention, 326–327
refeeding in, 310
relapse prevention, 325–328, 330, 366
restricting subtype, 291, 292b
risk factors for, 336–342
behavioral/environmental, 339–342
biological, 336–339
eating and weight-related, 339–340
genetic, 336–337
weight restoration, 312, 322
Antepartum depression, 47–48
Anticonvulsants, schizophrenia and, 150
Antidepressant and Psychotherapy trial (ADAPT), 51–52
Antidepressants. See also specific drugs
for anorexia nervosa, 321
for binge-eating disorder, 323
for bulimia nervosa, 322–323, 325, 331
for generalized anxiety disorder, 225
heterocyclic, for major depressive disorder, 57
for major depressive disorder
in adults, 56–57
in children and adolescents, 59–61
combination and augmentation therapy, 57–58
prevention of relapse and recurrence, 58
for panic disorder, 230
in schizophrenia, 150
selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, for major depressive disorder, 56
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. SeeSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
suicidal ideation and, 59–60, 526–530
tricyclic
for bulimia nervosa, 322
for generalized anxiety disorder, 224, 225
for major depressive disorder in adults, 57
side effects of, 324
Antipsychotics. See also specific drugs
atypical
for anorexia nervosa, 321–322
for bipolar disorder, with mood stabilizers, 65–66
for schizophrenia, 115, 156
for treatment-resistant depression, 527–528
for bipolar disorder, 455
for major depressive disorder, 58, 61
for schizophrenia
acute treatment, 144, 145, 145–148t, 149
adjuncts to, 150
maintenance treatment, 151, 152–154t, 155
side effects of, 145, 149
Anxiety disorders
age differences, 196–197
autonomic nervous system abnormalities, 206, 254–255
biological correlates, 206–211
biological features, 203–205
brain developmental changes, 203–205
brain imaging, 207–208
cognitive-behavioral therapy, 215–216
developmental considerations, 216
education and skill-building, 215
exposure exercises, 215–216
(p. 863)
history and rationale, 214–216
maintenance of gains, 242–243
mechanisms, 201
with pharmacotherapy, 218–219
research agenda, 283–284
cognitive factors, 200–203, 255–256
community factors, 260–261
comorbidities, 197–198, 197t
alcohol use disorders, 415
binge-eating disorder, 348
bipolar disorder, 37–38
depression, 9, 52, 53, 198
eating disorders, 302, 303, 340, 345
Internet addiction, 589
substance use disorder, 456–457
criminal behavior and, 261–262
defining, 190–211, 282
descriptions, 192, 195–196
disability requirement, 196
electroencephalography, 208–209
emotional processing theory, 200
environmental factors, 256–564
etiology and maintenance theories, 199–201
exposure therapy, mechanisms, 199–201
family factors, 256–260
fear structures
cognitive-behavioral therapy and, 214
emotional processing theory and, 200
gambling behavior and, 577
gang affiliation and, 261–262
gender differences in, 196–197
generalized
in children and adolescents, 224–226
comorbidity, 197–198, 197t
description, 195
genetics, 209–211, 209t
signs and symptoms, 194t
treatment
acute, 219t
in adults, 223–224
in children and adolescents, 224–226
maintenance of gains, 243–244
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 246
genetics, 209–211, 209t, 256
HPA axis in, 206–207
immunology, 207
Internet addiction for coping with, 588–589
learning theories for, 199–201
neurobiology, 205–211, 216–218
neurochemistry, 207
neuroticism and, 19
obsessive-compulsive disorder as. SeeObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
onset and course of, 199
panic disorder as. SeePanic disorder
peer factors and, 260–261
pharmacotherapy
with cognitive-behavioral therapy, 218–219
rationale, 216–218
research agenda, 283–284
post-traumatic stress disorder as. SeePost-traumatic stress disorder
prevalence of, 196–197
prevention of, 252–280
early detection and screening, 264–269
issues in, 275–280
outcome evaluation, 274–275
research agenda, 285–286
risk factors and protective factors, 253–264, 265t
theoretical and conceptual models, 252–253
prevention programs for, 269–275
indicated, 270–272
model programs, 269
selective, 272–273
universal, 273–274
rating scales for, 264–269
relapse prevention, 245–246
research agenda, 282–286
risk factors for, 253–264, 265t
school factors and, 260–261
signs and symptoms of, 194–195t
smoking and, 260–261
social support and, 263–264
substance abuse and, 198, 261
subsyndromal anxiety symptoms versus, 190–192, 253–254
suicidal behavior and, 489
threat bias in
attentional, 201–202
interpretative, 202–203
trauma exposure, adolescence and, 262–263
treatment, xxii, 214–249
acute treatment strategies, 219–242, 219t
maintenance of gains, 243–246
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 246
research agenda, 283–284
Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children, 269
Anxiety sensitivity, 201
Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST), 501–502
(p. 864) Aripiprazole
for anorexia nervosa, 322
for bipolar disorder, 64t, 65, 67, 455
for conduct disorder with substance use disorder, 456
for major depressive disorder, 58
Arnarson and Craighead program for prevention of depression, 79–80
ASAM .5 Level of Care, 626
Asian Americans
depression, 28–29
eating disorders, 351
gambling, 576–577
substance use disorders, 385
suicide rate, 485
Association studies in schizophrenia, 126–128
Asthma, depression and, 17
Atomoxetine for ADHD with substance use disorder, 454
At-Risk program, 502
Attachment
as outcome of positive youth development, 549
security in, depression and, 25
styles, anxiety disorders and, 256–258
Attachment-based family therapy
for major depressive disorder, 53
for suicidal behavior, 523–524
Attentional threat bias in anxiety disorders, 201–202
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), comorbidities
alcohol use disorder, 414
bipolar disorder, 29, 35–37
depression, 9, 52
Internet addiction, 589
substance use disorder, 453–454
Attention deficit in children of schizophrenic parents, 170–171, 172
Attributional style, pessimistic
suicidal behavior and, 489
and vulnerability to depression, 20–21
Attributions, stigma and, 602
Australia
depression prevention programs, 78–79
national youth development policy of, 636
Autism Centers of Excellence, 617
Autistic spectrum disorders, suicidal behavior and, 489
Automobile accidents, alcohol-related, 411
Autonomic nervous system abnormalities, anxiety disorders and, 206, 254–255
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, 295


Baclofen for bulimia nervosa, 323
Ballet dancers, anorexia nervosa in, 341, 359
Beardslee program for prevention of depression, 80–83
A Beautiful Mind (film), 605
Behavioral addictions. SeeGambling; Internet addiction
Behavioral inhibition
and anxiety disorders, 255
and depression, 18–19
selective prevention intervention for, 272
Behavioral problems, premorbid, in schizophrenia, 162–164, 168, 169t, 170, 173–174, 175–176
Behavioral therapy. See alsoCognitive-behavioral therapy
dialectical, for suicidal behavior, 522–523
for major depressive disorder, 47
for selective mutism, 219t, 222–223
for separation anxiety disorder, 226
for substance use disorders, 436–437
for suicidal behavior, 521–522
Benzodiazepines
for generalized anxiety disorder, 224
for panic disorder, 230, 247
for phobia, 228
for schizophrenia, 148t, 150
for separation anxiety disorder, 227
Benztropine for schizophrenia, 147t
“Beyondblue” extensive universal program, 78–79
Big Brothers and Big Sisters, 558b
Binge drinking, 409–411, 417f
Binge eating
in adolescents, 301–302
in anorexia nervosa, 291, 292b
in bulimia nervosa, 292, 343
Binge-eating disorder
comorbidities, 303, 348
diagnostic criteria for, 293–294, 294b, 364
DSM-V criteria, 293–294, 294b
epidemiology, 365
etiology, 290–291
pharmacotherapy for, 323, 331
prevalence of, 300
prevention programs for, 353–361
combined, 358–359
in high-risk populations and settings, 359–361
research agenda, 367
targeted, 356–358
theoretical models, 353
universal, 354–356
psychosocial therapy for, 320–321, 328–329
relapse prevention, 328–330, 366
risk factors for, 346–348, 366–367
(p. 865) Bio-ecological approach to youth development, 546
Biological factors. See alsoNeurobiology
in anorexia nervosa, 342–344
in anxiety disorders, 203–205
in binge-eating disorder, 346–348
in suicidal behavior, 489–490
Bipolar disorder
age of onset, 6, 29
anxiety disorders, 37–38
brain abnormalities, 42
classic (type I), 29
community attitudes toward, 601
comorbidities, 35–39, 455
conduct disorder, 37
defined, 30
diagnosis, xxii, 30–31
epidemiology, 32–34, 94–96
family history and, 34–35
genetics and, 34–35, 40–41
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, 40–41
mania in, 30–31
pharmacotherapy
in adolescents, 63–67, 64t
combination therapy, 66–67
maintenance therapy, 67
prevention programs for, 86
prevention research agenda, 95–96
psychosocial therapy, 62–63
rates of, 32–34, 33–34t
research agenda, 94–96
risk factors for, 34–35
substance abuse and, 38–39, 455
suicidal behavior and, 488
treatment research agenda, 95
Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS), 36
Birth cohort studies in schizophrenia, 166, 172
Blood alcohol level (BAL), 407–408
Blood phobia, 192
Body dissatisfaction
anorexia nervosa and, 340
bulimia nervosa and, 345
Body fat, fear of, as criterion for anorexia nervosa, 291
Body mass index
anorexia nervosa and, 338
binge-eating disorder, 347
bulimia nervosa and, 343
Bonding, in positive youth development, 549
Bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa, 311
Borderline personality disorder, plus suicidal behavior, dialectical behavioral therapy for, 522
Botvin’s life skills training program, 473
Brain. See also Neurobiology; specific parts of brain
abnormalities
in anxiety disorders, 216–217
in children of schizophrenic parents, 177
in mood disorders, 42–44
violence exposure and, 75
circuitry
developmental shifts, 203–205
in schizophrenia, 121–123
development
during adolescence, 109–110, 110f, 203–205
myelinization, 109–111, 110f
research study on, 636
synaptic pruning, 109–110, 110f, 203
executive inhibitory circuitry defects, in substance use disorders, 377
imaging
advances in, xxi–xxii
in anxiety disorders, 207–208
in mood disorders, 42–44
in schizophrenia, 109–112
in substance use disorders, 379–382
reward center dysregulation, 376
allostasis and, 376
in animal models, 373–376, 374f
imaging studies, 379–382
pharmacotherapy for, 446
volume
developmental changes, 109–110, 110f, 204
in schizophrenia, 109–112
Brexpiprazole for major depressive disorder, 58
Brief dynamic therapy for major depressive disorder, 48
Brief strategic family therapy for substance use disorders, 435–436
Bulimia nervosa. See alsoEating disorders
combination therapy for, 324–325
comorbidities, 303, 365
cross-cultural studies on, 349
diagnostic criteria for, 291–293, 293b, 364
diagnostic migration, 304
DSM-V criteria, 291–293, 293b
epidemiology, 301, 306t, 365
etiology, 290–291
internet-based relapse prevention, 329–330
medical complications, 309–310, 365
outcome, 304, 365
pharmacotherapy for, 322–323, 330–331
prevalence of, 297, 300, 306t
prevention programs for, 353–361 (p. 866)
combined, 358–359
in high-risk populations and settings, 359–361
research agenda, 367
targeted, 356–358
theoretical models, 353
universal, 354–356
psychosocial therapy for, 320–321, 328–329
relapse prevention, 328–329, 330–331, 366
risk factors for, 342–346, 366–367
Bullying
binge-eating disorder and, 348
suicidal behavior and, 491–492
Buprenorphine for opioid addiction, 446–447, 451
Bupropion
for ADHD plus substance use disorder, 454
for major depressive disorder, 57, 60–61
for smoking cessation, 446, 449
Buspirone for generalized anxiety disorder, 225


Calcium supplementation in anorexia nervosa, 311
Caloric requirements, 290
Cancer, 17
Cannabis. SeeMarijuana use
Carbamazepine for bipolar disorder in adolescents, 65, 67
Cardiovascular system
in anxiety disorders, 206, 254–255
in depression, 58
in eating disorders, 306t
Caring, positive youth development and, 550
Caring for Children in the Community Study, 13
Caring for Children Study, 5t
Caring School Community, 558b
Case identification
in mental health disorders, 71–72, 86
in substance use disorders, 622
CASEL (2003), 560b
CASI (Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index), 201, 267
CAST (Coping and Support Training), 516
Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) as schizophrenia susceptibility gene, 128, 129
CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist), 269
C-CARE (Counselors Care), 516–517
CCI (Comprehensive College Initiative), 499
CEEBIT (Continuous Evaluation of Evolving Behavioral Intervention Technology), 612
Center for Prevention Research, 71
Centers of Excellence, 609, 617
Cerebellum, developmental changes in, 204–205
Character, positive youth development and, 550
Character strengths, 553–555, 567
Chemical dependency. SeeSubstance use disorders
Chemical transmission in anxiety disorders, 217
Child abuse
depression and, 25, 34
mania and, 35
neuroendocrine changes, 41
suicidal behavior and, 490–491
Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS), 267–268
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), 269
Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), 201, 267
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), 267–268
Children. See alsoParent-child interaction
abuse of. See Child abuse
bipolar disorder in, 30–31, 63
generalized anxiety disorder in, 224–226
major depressive disorder in
versus adolescent-onset, 4, 6, 7
antidepressants for, 59–61
psychosocial therapy, 50–61
obsessive-compulsive disorder in, 232–238
panic disorder in, 230–231
phobia in, 228–229
post-traumatic stress disorder in, 238–242
at risk for schizophrenia, longitudinal studies, 165–166, 168, 170–172, 177–178
schizophrenia in, event-related potentials in, 115–119, 117t
social anxiety disorder in, 220–221
Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA), 608–609
Chlorpromazine for schizophrenia, 148t, 152t
CHRNA7 as schizophrenia susceptibility gene, 128, 129
Chronic versus acute care, 621, 629
Cigarette smoking. SeeSmoking
Citalopram for major depressive disorder, 56, 59, 455
Clarke program for prevention of depression, 83–84
Classical conditioning
in anxiety disorders, 199–200
in substance use disorders, 376
Clean Break gambling prevention program, 583t
Clomipramine
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 232, 235
for separation anxiety disorders, 227
Clonazepam
for panic disorder, 247
for schizophrenia, 147t
(p. 867) Clozapine
for bipolar disorder, 66
for psychotic disorder and suicidal behavior, 150
for schizophrenia, 146–148t, 150, 153t
for suicide attempters, 528
Club drugs, 426
CNV in schizophrenia, 116
Cocaine use
alcohol and, 400
clinical aspects of, 397–400, 400t
evolution of, 388–389
treatment, 451
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
for anorexia nervosa, 327
for anxiety disorders
developmental considerations, 216
education and skill-building, 215
exposure exercises, 215–216
history and rationale, 214–216
maintenance of gains, 242–243
mechanisms, 201
with pharmacotherapy, 218–219
research agenda, 283–284
for binge-eating disorder, 328–329
for bipolar disorder, 62
for bulimia nervosa, 320–321, 328
delivery, advances in, 614–615
for eating disorders, 320–321, 360
for generalized anxiety disorder, 219t, 223, 224–225
for Internet addiction, 594–595
for major depressive disorder
in adults, 46–47, 49
in children and adolescents, 50–54
in Latino youth, 52
prevention programs, 53–54, 77–80, 83–86
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 219t, 231–232, 233–235, 248
for panic disorder, 219t, 229–231, 270–271
for phobia, 219t, 228–229
for positive youth development, 554
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 219t, 238, 239–242, 270, 278
for schizophrenia, 136–137, 149–150
for separation anxiety disorder, 219t, 226–227
for social anxiety disorder, 219–220, 219t
for substance use disorders, 437–438, 627
for suicidal adults, 521–522
for suicidal youth, 53–55, 522
Cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression, 20–22
Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders, 200–201, 255–256
Cognitive impairment
in marijuana use, 401
in schizophrenia, 108–109, 164, 164t, 170–172, 171f, 173, 175
Cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenia, 137–138
CollegeResponse program, 499
Colleges
drinking issues, 416, 488–489
suicide prevention programs in, 499, 525–526
Columbia TeenScreen Program (CTSP), 498–499
Combined drug and psychosocial treatments
anxiety disorders, 218–219
eating disorders, 324–325
major depressive disorder, 57–58
Communities That Care (CTC), 558b, 612
Community
attitudes toward mental illness, 601
depression prevention interventions in, 56, 88
positive youth development programs, 558b, 559, 559b
therapeutic, for substance use disorders, 429
Community environmental interventions for substance abuse prevention, 470
Community factors in anxiety disorders, 260–261
Community Partners in Care, 612
Comorbidity issues in substance use disorders, 429, 442–443, 452–458
Competence, positive youth development and, 549–550
Competencies as outcome of positive youth development, 554–555
Compliance therapy for schizophrenia, 141
Comprehensive College Initiative (CCI), 499
Compulsive disorders in drug addiction, 373, 374f
Conditioning, classical
in anxiety disorders, 199–200
in substance use disorders, 376
Conduct disorder, comorbidities
alcohol use disorders, 414
anxiety, 198
bipolar disorder, 37
substance use disorders, 456
suicidal behavior, 488
Confidence, positive youth development and, 550–551
Confidentiality
in drug screening programs, 622, 630–631
online treatment of mental disorders, 615
in suicide screening programs, 499
Connection, positive youth development and, 549
Consent for services, minor, 630–631
(p. 868) Consumer Guide to Adolescent Treatment, 628–629
Contact effects in reducing stigma of mental illness, 603–604
Contagion
anxiety disorders and, 277
suicidal behavior and, 492–493, 509–510
Contingency management incentive systems for substance use disorders, 437
Contingent negative variation (CNV) in schizophrenia, 116, 117t
Continuing care for substance use disorders, 629–630
Continuous Evaluation of Evolving Behavioral Intervention Technology (CEEBIT), 612
Contribution, positive youth development and, 551
Control, perceived, in anxiety disorders, 256
Coping and Support Training (CAST), 516
Coping skills strategies in anxiety disorders, 255–256
Coping With Depression for Adolescents (CWD-A) intervention, 52–53
Corticostriatal circuitry in schizophrenia, 122–123
Corticotropin-releasing factor
in stress response, 40–41
in substance use disorder, 375
Cortisol
and dopamine activity, 120
in schizophrenia, 119–120
Counseling
firearms, 510–512
genetic, in schizophrenia, 130–131
Counselors Care (C-CARE), 516–517
Course of Subthreshold Bipolar Disorder in Youth (COBY), 30, 38–39
CPSS (Child PTSD Symptom Scale), 267–268
Crack cocaine, 388–389. See alsoCocaine use
Cravings in drug addiction, 374
Credentialing process, substance abuse treatment and, 628
Criminal behavior. See alsoGambling; Juvenile justice system
anxiety disorders, 261–262
suicidal behavior, 492, 512–513
Cross-cultural studies, 349–351
Cross-National Collaborative Group study, 32
CTSP (Columbia TeenScreen Program), 498–499
Cultural factors. See alsoRace/ethnicity
in alcohol use disorders, 412–413
in depression, 75–76
in eating disorders, 290, 348–353
clinical practice and, 353
cross-cultural studies, 349–351
ethnicity and, 351–352
social barriers and, 352–353
in gambling, 573, 576–577
in positive youth development, 548
CWD-A intervention, 52–53
Cyclothymic disorder, 86


DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), 466–467
D-cycloserine (DCS), 217
Delay discounting in substance use disorder, 382
Dependence disorders, chemical. SeeSubstance use disorders
Depression
antepartum, 47–48
with atypical features, 9
bereavement exclusion, 10–11
brain abnormalities associated with, 42–44, 75
chronic, 6
cognitive diathesis-stress model, 21–22
comorbidities
ADHD, 52
anxiety disorders, 9, 52, 53, 198
Internet addiction, 589–590
substance use disorder, 10, 52, 455–456
gambling behavior and, 577
genetics and, 39–40
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, 40–41
Internet addiction for coping with, 588–589
interpersonal vulnerability and, 25–28
major
age of onset, 4, 6
cognitive vulnerability to, 21–22
combination therapy for, 57–58
community attitudes toward, 601
comorbidities, 17
alcohol use disorders, 414
binge-eating disorder, 348
dysthymia, 7
eating disorders, 302, 303, 340, 345
impact on treatment outcome, 52
diagnosis of, 8–11
dysthymic disorder versus, 9–10
epidemiology, 11–17, 11t, 14–15t, 90–91
family environment and, 17–18, 25–28
family history and, 17
gender and, 17, 43
interpersonal vulnerability to, 25–28
personality/temperament and, 18–20
pharmacotherapy. See alsoAntidepressants
in adolescents, 59–61
in adults, 56–57
augmentation therapy, 57–58
combination therapy, 57–58
(p. 869)
prepubertal and adolescent-onset, 6–8
prevention programs, 70–88
for adolescents, 76–86
definitions, 70–73
future directions and recommendations, 86–88
indicated, 77–78
research agenda, 93–94
risk factors, 73–76
universal, 78
psychosocial therapy
for adults, 46–50
for children and adolescents, 50–61
preventive, 77–80, 83–86
pubertal status and, 6–8
race/ethnicity and, 28–29
rates of, 17, 635
recurrence of, 4, 58, 83, 90
relationship to schizophrenia, 125–126
research agenda, 90–94
risk factors for, 17–18, 73–76, 90
sequelae to, 4, 70
socioeconomic status and, 28
stress and, 22–25, 40
studies on, 5t, 11–16, 12t, 14–15t
subtypes of, 87
treatment research agenda, 91–93
maternal
offspring depression and, 17–18, 27
response to cognitive-behavioral therapy and, 51
with melancholic features, 8
parental, offspring depression and, 17–18, 27, 80–83
peripartum onset of, 9
pharmacotherapy for. SeeAntidepressants
postpartum, 47–48
postpsychotic, 150
rates of, 17
relapse prevention, 49
schizophrenia and, 125–126, 150
self-propagating nature of, 566
specific vulnerability hypothesis and, 24–25
stigma and, 602
stress and, 22–25
subsyndromal, as risk factor for, 74
suicide and, 53–56, 488–489, 492
treatment of, 614–615
treatment-resistant, 57–58
Depression Improvement Across Minnesota–Offering a New Direction (DIAMOND), 612
Desvenlafaxine for major depressive disorder, 56, 60
Detoxification, 446–448
Development
of brain during adolescence, 109–111, 110f, 203–205
youth
applications, 546–547
bio-ecological approach, 546
problem-centered approach, 546–547
Developmental assets in positive youth development, 546
Developmental group therapy for suicidal youth, 522
Developmental milestones in schizophrenia, premorbid abnormalities, 161–162, 161–163t, 173
Dextroamphetamine dependence, 397–400. See alsoStimulant abuse
Diabetes, 17, 218, 402
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria
anxiety disorders, 197, 266
bipolar disorder, 33
cyclothymic disorder, 30
depression, 13, 527
DSM-5 versus, xxi, 10–11
dysthymia, 16
eating disorders, 296–297, 346
gambling disorders, 587
generalized anxiety disorder, 197
posttraumatic stress disorder, 260, 268
schizophrenia, 100, 125
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) criteria
alcohol use disorder, 412
anorexia nervosa, 291, 292b
anxiety disorders, 192
binge eating disorder, 293–294, 294b
bipolar disorders in youth, 30–32
bulimia nervosa, 291–293, 293b
depressive disorder criteria changes, 10–11
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), 7
DSM-IV versus, xxi, 10–11
eating disorders, 291–296, 292–294b, 353
gambling disorders, 573, 579
Internet addiction, 586–587, 591
major depressive disorder (MDD), 8–9
schizophrenia, 100
substance use disorder, 392
Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction, 587
Dialectical behavioral therapy
for suicidal adults, 521–522
for suicidal youth, 522–523
(p. 870) Diathesis-stress model of depression, 20–22
Dieting. See alsoWeight loss
anorexia nervosa and, 339
binge-eating disorder and, 347
bulimia nervosa and, 344
Discrimination. SeeStigma of mental illness
Disorder, harmful dysfunction account of, 191–192
Disordered gambling. SeeGambling
Disorganization in schizophrenia, 105
Disruptive behavior disorders plus depression, 17
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), xxi, 7, 11
Dissemination and implementation (D&I) research, 610–612
designs and measures, 611–612
models, 611
summary of, 617
Disulfiram for alcohol use disorders, 446, 450
Divalproex
for bipolar disorder
in adolescents, 64t, 65
maintenance therapy, 67–68
for conduct disorder with substance use disorder, 456
Don’t Bet on It gambling prevention program, 583t
Dopamine
in binge-eating disorder, 346
in bulimia nervosa, 342
cortisol and, 120
in drug addiction, xxii, 375, 379–382
impulsive behavior and, 383
in schizophrenia, 107–108, 122
Dot Probe Attention Allocation Task, 202
Dove media campaign to encourage self-esteem, 360
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), 466–467
Drug interactions, 456–458
Drug screening, 621–625
Drug testing, 467–468, 622–623
Duloxetine for major depressive disorder, 56, 60–61
Dysbindin as schizophrenia susceptibility gene, 128
Dysthymic disorder. SeePersistent depressive disorder


Eating disorders. See alsoAnorexia nervosa; Binge-eating disorder; Bulimia nervosa
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, 295
combination therapy for, 324–325
community attitudes toward, 601
comorbidities, 302–303, 365, 456
cultural issues and, 348–353
diagnostic criteria for, 291–296, 292–294b, 292b, 364
diagnostic migration, 304, 365
epidemiology, 293–302, 306t, 365
ethnic differences, 301
etiology, 290–291
medical complications, 305–310, 365
not otherwise specified, 295–296, 300–301
outcome, 303–304, 365
pharmacotherapy for, 321–325, 330–331, 366
pica, 295
prevalence of, 293–302, 298–299t
prevention programs for, 353–361
combined, 358–359
in high-risk populations and settings, 359–361
potential harm of, 361
research agenda, 367
targeted, 356–358
theoretical models, 353
universal, 354–356
psychosocial therapy for, 316–321, 325–330, 365–366
relapse prevention, 325–330, 366
research agenda, 364–367
risk factors for, 336–346, 366–367
rumination disorder, 295
substance use disorders and, 456–457
symptoms, 301, 301b
treatment, 316–333
evaluating, 331–333
issues specific to adolescents, 333
research agenda, 365–366
weight restoration, 312
E-cigarettes, 448–449
“Ecstasy” (MDMA) use
clinical aspects, 422
evolution, 386
liquid, 424
Educating & Supporting Inquisitive Youth in Recovery (ESQYIR), 630
Education. SeePsychoeducation; Training
Electroencephalography
in anxiety disorders, 208–209
in schizophrenia, 112
Electrolyte abnormalities in eating disorders, 306t
Electronic health records (EHRs), 609–610, 630
Electrophysiology in schizophrenia, 112–121
Elevated symptoms of mania (ESM), 30
Emergency department
self-harm prevention, 55–56
suicide prevention interventions, 517–519
(p. 871) Emotion(s)
brain circuitry for, developmental shifts, 204–205
expressed, reduction, family therapy for, 139
positive, 551
Emotional processing
in anxiety disorders, 200
in schizophrenia, 108
Emotional Stroop task, 201–202
Endocrine changes. SeeNeuroendocrine changes
Environmental factors
in anorexia nervosa, 339–342
in anxiety disorders, 256–564
in bulimia nervosa, 344–346
in gambling, 577–578
in smoking, 420–421
in substance use disorders, 383–384, 387–388
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, 32
Escitalopram for major depressive disorder, 56, 59, 455
ESM (elevated symptoms of mania), 30
ESQYIR (Educating & Supporting Inquisitive Youth in Recovery), 630
Estrogen
in schizophrenia, 119–120
supplementation, in anorexia nervosa, 311
Ethical issues
in anxiety disorders, 278–279
online treatment of mental disorders, 615
Ethnicity. SeeRace/ethnicity
Ethnocultural factors in depression, 75–76
Event-related potentials (ERPs)
advantages, 112–113
in anxiety disorders, 209
in schizophrenia
in children and adolescents, 115–119, 117t
contingent negative variation (CNV), 116, 117t
current research on, 112–115
gamma-band activity, 113–114
late positive component (P300), 115, 116–118, 117t
mismatch negativity and post-onset progression of abnormalities, 114–115
P1/N1 asymmetry, 116–118, 117t
processing negativity (Np), 116–118, 117t
sensory gating, 114, 129–130
Evidence-based mental health services, 608–618
policy, paradigm shifts in, 608–610
care and care coordination, integration, 609
financing policies, 610
quality indicators, 609–610
practice, paradigm shifts in, 612–616
clinical decision making, 615–616
family support services, 616
pediatric psychopharmacology, 613
technology advances, 614–615
training, 613–614
research, paradigm shifts in, 610–612
designs and measures, 611–612
models, 611
summary of changes in, 616–617
Evidence-based practices for substance use disorders, 474–475, 627–628
Executive inhibitory circuitry defects in substance use disorder, 377
Exercise, weight-bearing, in anorexia nervosa, 311
Exosystem, 546
Exposure and ritual prevention (EX/RP) for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 232, 233
Exposure therapy for anxiety disorders, 199–201, 215–216
Expressed emotions, reduction, family therapy for, 139
Extracurricular activities, positive youth development and, 556–557
Extra-medical use of prescription medications, 390–391, 392f
Extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenia, 149


Facing the Odds gambling prevention program, 583t
Familial aggregation in schizophrenia, 124
Family-based interventions
in eating disorders, 332–333, 359
evidence-based practice, 616
in major depressive disorder, 80–83
in substance abuse, 470–472, 471f, 627
for suicidal youth, 522–524
Family Check-Up program, 473
Family environment
anorexia nervosa and, 341
anxiety disorders and, 256–260, 285
depression and, 17–18, 25–28, 90
eating disorders and, 321, 341
gambling and, 575
major depressive disorder and, 17–18, 25–28, 90
schizophrenia and, 125, 139
substance use disorders and, 465
suicidal behavior and, 490–492, 494–495
Family-focused therapy (FFT) for bipolar disorder, 62–63, 86
Family history
ADHD, 36
bipolar disorder and, 30, 34
major depressive disorder and, 17
Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, 468
Family support specialists, 616
(p. 872) Family therapy
for anorexia nervosa, 316–317, 326–327
attachment-based, for major depressive disorder, 53
for bipolar disorder, 62–63
for schizophrenia
in adolescents, 139–141
in adults, 140–141
for substance use disorders, 435–436
for suicide attempters, 55
Fat, body, fear of, as criterion for anorexia nervosa, 291
Fear
versus anxiety, 190
of body fat or weight gain, as criterion for anorexia nervosa, 291
brain circuitry for, developmental shifts, 204
food avoidance due to, 295
stranger, absence of, schizophrenia and, 170
Fear structures in anxiety disorders
cognitive-behavioral therapy and, 214
emotional processing theory and, 200
Feeding and Eating Disorders. SeeEating disorders
Feeding problems, early, bulimia nervosa and, 344
Females. SeeGender differences
FFT (family-focused therapy) for bipolar disorder, 62–63
Financial crisis of 2008, 635
Firearms
availability, suicide and, 494–495, 508, 635
restriction programs, 510–512, 635–636
First (initial) onset, definition, 72
Five Cs of positive youth development, 548–551
Fixed mindset, positive youth development and, 555
Flow state, 555
Fluid abnormalities in eating disorders, 306t
Flunitrazepam abuse, 424
Fluoxetine
for bipolar disorder, 66
for bulimia nervosa, 322
for generalized anxiety disorder, 224
for major depressive disorder
in adults, 56
in children and adolescents, 59
with substance use disorder, 455–456
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 236
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 238
for selective mutism, 223
for social phobia, 222
for suicide attempters, 528–529
Flupenthixol for schizophrenia, 146t
Fluphenazine for schizophrenia, 145, 146t, 152–154t
Fluvoxamine
for major depressive disorder, 56
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 235–236
for separation anxiety disorder, 227
for social anxiety disorder, 222
Follow-back studies in schizophrenia, 167, 172–173
Food avoidance, 295
Forget Me, 424
Foster care, 491, 613
FRIENDS program, 273–274
Frontal-temporal circuitry in schizophrenia, 121–122
Functional MRI
advances in, xxi–xxii
for anxiety disorders, 207–208
for bipolar disorder, 42
electrophysiology versus, 112
for schizophrenia, 121–122, 184–185


Gambling, xxiii, 572–584
age of onset, 575
awareness of, 584
overview, 572–573
prevalence of, 573–574
prevention of, 581–584, 583t
protective factors, 578
risk factors for, 575–578
severity, assessing and measuring, 578–579
treatment, 579–581
Gaming addiction. SeeInternet addiction
Gamma-band activity in schizophrenia, 113–114
Gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB), 424
Gang affiliation, anxiety disorders and, 261–262
Gastrointestinal abnormalities in eating disorders, 306t
Gatekeeper training programs, 500–502
Gateway theory of substance abuse, 462–463
Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN), 513–514
Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs), 513–514
GBG (Good Behavior Game), 467, 503
Gender differences
anorexia nervosa, 338
anxiety disorders, 196–197
bipolar disorder, 35
bulimia nervosa, 343
eating disorders, 302, 338, 340, 343, 347
gambling, 573, 576
major depressive disorder, 6–7, 10–11, 13, 17, 43, 75
substance use disorders, 463, 478
suicide, 485, 534
Gender identity, 491–492, 495
Generalized anxiety disorder, 223–226 (p. 873)
comorbidities, 197–198, 197t
description, 195
genetics, 209–211, 209t
signs and symptoms, 194–195t
treatment, 219t
in adults, 223–224
in children and adolescents, 224–226
maintenance of gains, 243–244
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 246
General liability theory for substance abuse, 463–464
General Theory of Addiction, 581
Genes, susceptibility
in schizophrenia, 127–128
and adolescence, 129
identification, 127–128
in substance use disorders, 385
Genetic counseling in schizophrenia, 130–131
Genetics
anorexia nervosa, 336–337
anxiety disorders, 209–211, 209t, 256
binge-eating disorder, 346
bipolar disorder, 34–35, 40–41
bulimia nervosa, 342
depression, 39–40
schizophrenia, 105–106, 124–131, 177–178
substance use disorders, 382–386, 383f, 463–464, 472–473
suicidal behavior, 489–490
Genome scans in schizophrenia, 126
Georgia Home Boy, 424
GHB (Gammahydroxybutyrate), 424
Global Burden of Disease Study, 349
Glucocorticoids in stress response, 40
Gonadal hormones, adolescent behavior and, 119
Good Behavior Game (GBG), 467, 503
Gratitude, positive youth development and, 553
Gray matter volume
developmental changes, 109–111, 110f
in schizophrenia, 109–112, 114–115
Great Smoky Mountain Study
anxiety disorders and, 196–199, 253–254
bipolar disorder and, 32–33, 34t
depression and, 14t
dysthymia and, 13
overview, 5t, 13
Group interventions, multiple family, 616
Group therapy
for bipolar disorder, 63
for suicidal youth, 522
Growth hormone in major depressive disorder, 43
Growth mindset, positive youth development and, 555
Growth retardation in anorexia nervosa, 308
GSAs (Gay-Straight Alliances), 513–514
Gymnastics, anorexia nervosa and, 341, 360


Hallucinogens, 424–425
Haloperidol
with lithium, for bipolar disorder, 66
for schizophrenia, 146–148t, 152–153t
Harm avoidance
anorexia nervosa and, 377
anxiety disorder detection and screening, 266
depression and, 18
eating disorders and, 337
vulnerability to depression and, 18–19
Harm-minimization prevention programs, 581–582
Headache, depression and, 17
Healthcare settings, screening for substance use disorders in, 622
Health insurance. See alsoMedicaid
adolescent, 634
minor consent and confidentiality, 630
policy changes, 608–609
reform, 620–631
Help-Seeking behavior, stigma of mental illness and, 600–602
Hematopoietic abnormalities in eating disorders, 306t
Heroin use
behavioral therapy for, 436–437
clinical aspects, 394–397, 396t
detoxification, 447
medications for long-term treatment, 447, 451
neurobiology of addiction, 372–374
withdrawal, 397
Heschl gyrus in schizophrenia, 114–115
High-risk studies in schizophrenia, 166, 168, 170–172, 177–178
Hippocampus
in anxiety disorders, 217
in suicidal behavior, 490
Hispanic Americans
depression, 28, 52, 75, 82
eating disorders, 351
female suicide attempters, emergency department interventions, 518
gambling, 576–577
suicide rate, 485
HIV disease, 17
Homelessness, 491
Homosexuality, suicidal behavior and, 491–492, 495, 508, 513–514, 524
Hooked City gambling prevention program, 583t
Hope, positive youth development and, 554
(p. 874) Hopelessness, suicidal behavior and, 489
Hormonal changes. SeeNeuroendocrine changes
Hormone replacement therapy in anorexia nervosa, 311
Hospitalism, 22
HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
HPG (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis, 119
Hypokalemia in bulimia nervosa, 309
Hyponatremia in anorexia nervosa, 305
Hypophosphatemia in anorexia nervosa, 305, 310
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
in anxiety disorders, 206–207
axis activation in puberty, 119–120
in mood disorders, 40–41
in schizophrenia, 119–120
in schizotypal personality disorder, 120
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, 119


Ibogaine, 424
ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision), 100
Iceland, depression prevention program in, 79–80
Imaging studies. SeeNeuroimaging
Imipramine
for panic disorder, 247
for separation anxiety disorder, 227
Immunology in anxiety disorders, 207
Impulse control disorder
addiction versus, 586–587
in drug addiction, 373
in Internet addiction, 589–590
Impulse control disorder in drug addiction, 374f
Impulsivity
bulimia nervosa, 345–346
positive youth development, 550
substance use disorder, 382
suicidal behavior and, 489
Indicated prevention programs
anxiety disorders, 270–272
definition, 72
eating disorders, 359
major depressive disorder, 77–78
suicide, 516–531
Infant depression, 22, 47–48
Infertility in anorexia nervosa, 308
Information processing in schizophrenia, event-related indices, 115–119, 117t
Inhalant abuse, 422–424
Initial onset, definition, 72
Inpatient treatment
anorexia nervosa, 326
bipolar disorder, 62
substance use disorders, 429–430, 443
Insomnia, 594
Institute of Medicine, report on prevention of mental disorders, 71–73, 76
Insurance. SeeHealth insurance
Intelligence quotient in children of schizophrenic parents, 164, 164t
Interactive Screening Program, 499
Intermittent explosive disorder, 7
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD- 10), 100
Internet addiction, xxiii, 586–595
assessment, 586–588
characteristics, 592–594, 592t, 593f
cognitive-behavioral model of, 588–590
comorbidities, 589
defined, 586
Internet gaming disorder, xxiii, 586–587
other addictions, compared, 588
other health correlates, 594
prevalence of, 591–592
therapeutic interventions, 594–595
type of Internet use and, 590–591
Internet Addiction Test, 587
Internet-based relapse prevention, 329–330, 332
Internet gambling, 572–573
Internet gaming disorder, xxiii, 586–587
Internet interventions/surveys
CBT delivery, 614–615
depression, 56
eating disorders, 360
evidence-based practice training, 614
stigma of mental illness, 600, 605
substance use disorder continuing care, 630
suicidal behavior, 499
Interpersonal relationships
alcohol use disorders and, 413–414
depression and, 25–28
suicidal behavior and, 491
Interpersonal therapy
for binge-eating disorder, 321, 328–329
for bipolar disorder, with social rhythm therapy, 62
for bulimia nervosa, 328
for major depressive disorder
in adolescents, 52–53
in adults, 47–48, 49
for schizophrenia, 138
for suicide attempts, 54–56
Interpretative threat bias in anxiety disorders, 202–203
Interventions in adolescence. See also specific types, e.g., Cognitive-behavioral therapy (p. 875)
early, 625–626
pharmacological. SeePharmacotherapy
preventive. SeePrevention programs
psychosocial. SeePsychosocial therapy
Interview
in eating disorders, 353
motivational, in substance use disorders, 439–440, 473
psychiatric, in schizophrenia, 134–135
Introversion, 210, 256
Ipecac abuse in bulimia nervosa, 309


Juvenile justice system
access to care, 613
reform of, 636
suicide prevention programs in, 512–513


Ketamine, 425–426
Kindness, positive youth development and, 553–554


Labels, stigma and, 602
Lamotrigine for bipolar disorder, 67
LAMS (Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms) Study, 30–31, 35–36
Language delay in schizophrenia, premorbid abnormalities and, 161, 162t
Latinos. SeeHispanic Americans
Learning theories for anxiety disorders, 199–201
Legal issues, suicidal behavior and, 492
Levomilnacipran for major depressive disorder, 56
LGBT youth, suicidal behavior and, 491–492, 495, 508, 513–514, 524
Life Goals Program for bipolar disorder, 63
Lifelines program, 504
Life satisfaction, positive youth development and, 522–553
Life Skills Training Program, 467, 473
Life stress, early
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, 40–41
major depression and, 22–25, 40
Lifetime morbid risk (LMR), 11
Linkage disequilibrium studies in schizophrenia, 126–128
Linkage studies
in schizophrenia, 126
in substance use disorders, 385
Lisdexamfetamine
for ADHD with substance use disorder, 454
for binge-eating disorder, 323
Lithium
for anorexia nervosa, 322
for bipolar disorder
in adolescents, 64–65, 64t
with antipsychotics, 66
with divalproex, 66–67
maintenance therapy, 67
for major depressive disorder, 58, 61
for schizophrenia, 150, 153t
for suicide attempters, 528
Lithium for major depressive disorder, 58
LMR (lifetime morbid risk), 11
Locus ceruleus in anxiety disorders, 207
Locus coeruleus in anxiety disorders, 216
Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) Study, 30–31, 35–36
Lorazepam for schizophrenia, 147t
Loss-of-control eating, 347–348
Lottery. SeeGambling
Love our Kids: Lock Your Guns program, 511
Loxapine for schizophrenia, 153t
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 424–425


Macrosystem, 546
Magnetic resonance imaging. See alsoFunctional MRI
advances in, xxi–xxii
anxiety, 217
brain volumetric, in schizophrenia, 109–112
in mood disorders, 42–44
morphometric, in anxiety disorders, 208
Magnetoencephalography in schizophrenia, 118–119
Maintenance/interventions, definition, 72
Major depressive disorder. SeeDepression, major
Malnutrition, medical complications and, 305, 306t, 307
Maltreatment, depression and, 25, 34
Mandatory random drug testing, 467–468
Mania. See alsoBipolar disorder
age of onset, 29
comorbidities
anxiety disorders, 37–38
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 37
conduct disorder, 37
substance abuse, 38–39
diagnostic criteria for, 30–31
mixed, 30–31
Marijuana use
age of purchase, 470
anxiety and, 261
bipolar disorder and, 39
clinical aspects of, 400–406, 405f
family-focused interventions for, 470
in gateway theory, 462–463
(p. 876)
mass media prevention campaigns for, 468–469
prevalence of, xxii
schizophrenia and, 143
screening for, 624
treatment, 428, 432, 437, 440
withdrawal, 403
Mass media
drug abuse prevention campaigns, 468–469
eating disorders and, 350, 352–353
misinformation about mental illness, 602–603
for reducing stigma of mental illness, 604–605
suicide coverage, 492–493
Maternal depression
offspring depression and, 17–18, 27
response to cognitive-behavioral therapy and, 51
Maternal health, anorexia nervosa and, 338
Maternal-infant therapy for depression, 47–48
Maudsley method in anorexia nervosa, 317–318
Meaning, pursuit of, in positive psychology, 552
Media. SeeMass media
Medicaid
family support services, 616
patient-centered medical homes and, 609
payment reforms, 610
quality measures and, 610
Medical disorders, depression and, 17
Melancholic features, depression with, 8
Menarche, early, bulimia nervosa and, 343
Mental health disorders. See also specific disorders, e.g., Anxiety disorders
confidentiality issues, 499
future and pressing issues for
firearms, 635–636
national youth development strategy, 636–637
poverty, 635
research, 636
gambling behavior and, 577
interventions
pharmacological. See Pharmacotherapy
preventive. SeePrevention programs
psychosocial. SeePsychosocial therapy
school-based. SeeSchools
misinformation about, 602–603
rate of, xxi
stigma of, 600–606
in community attitudes, 601
factors contributing to, 601–603
reducing, 603–605
treatment
definition, 72
effectiveness, 72
impact of stigmatization, 601–603
Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA), xxiii–xxiv, 608, 617, 621, 634
Mental health services
school-based. See under Schools
Mental Health Services Act of 2004, 605
Mescaline, 424
Metabolic syndrome, 58
Methadone for opioid addiction, 446–447, 451
Methamphetamine dependence, 397–400. See alsoStimulant abuse
Mexican Americans. SeeHispanic Americans
Microsystem, 546
Milnacipran for major depressive disorder, 56
Mindset, positive youth development and, 554–555
Minnesota Twelve-Step model for substance use disorders, 440
Minor consent for services, 630–631
Mirtazapine for major depressive disorder, 57–58, 60–61
Molecular genetic studies in schizophrenia, 130
Molindone for schizophrenia, 146t, 153t
Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, 389–392, 395, 399, 408–409
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for major depressive disorder, 57, 58, 455
Mood disorders. See alsoBipolar disorder; Depression
age of onset, 6
biology, 39–43
comorbidities
alcohol use disorders, 414
eating disorders, 302, 303
epidemiology and definitions, 4–43
research agenda, 90–94
schizophrenia, relationship to, 125–126, 150
seasonal, 9
suicidal behavior and, 488–489
trait vulnerability factor common to, 18–19
treatment, xxii, 46–68, 614–615
Mood stabilizers. See also specific drugs, e.g., Lithium
for bipolar disorder
in adolescents, 64–65, 64t
combination therapy, 66–67
for bulimia nervosa, 330–331
for schizophrenia, 150
(p. 877) Moral development, 550
Motivational interviews
in depression, 54
in substance use disorders, 439–440, 473
Motor deficits in schizophrenia, 106–108, 161–162, 161t, 163t, 169t, 170, 171, 172–173
MPH-SODAS (Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System), 454
Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), 266
Multidimensional family therapy for substance use disorders, 436
Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST), 474
Multisystemic therapy
for substance use disorders, 435
for suicide attempts, 55
Mutism, selective
in DSM-5, xxi, 192
maintenance of gains, 243
as social phobia, 222
treatment, 219t, 223
Myelinization
brain, 109–111, 110f
in schizophrenia, 109–111


Naltrexone
for alcohol use disorders, 446, 450
for opioid addiction, 451
Narcotic abuse. SeeOpioid abuse
National Annenberg Risk Survey of Youth (NARSY), 601
National Comorbidity Survey (NCS)
bipolar disorder and, 32–33
depression and, 11, 12t
overview, 5t
substance use disorders and, 445
National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), 11, 260, 297, 343
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 5t, 11, 12t, 16, 35
National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health (NHSDUH), 389–390
National Institute of Health, 636
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
on anxiety disorder treatments, 218
Center for Prevention Research, 71
depression diagnosis and, 4
depression research of, 91–92, 527
history of prevention in mental health and, 70–71
mental health research of, 610–611, 617
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) of, 364, 636
substance use disorder research of, 442
National Network of Child Psychiatry Access Programs, 613
National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
on alcohol dependence, 407–408, 412
on children of substance abusing parents, 429
on cocaine use, 399
on current trends in drug use, 389–392
on marijuana use, 403–405
on prescription pain relievers, 395
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, 469
National youth development strategy, 636–637
Native Americans
bipolar disorder, 35
poverty, 635
suicide prevention programs for, 508–509
suicide rate, 485
Nefazodone for major depressive disorder, 60
Negative affectivity
anorexia nervosa and, 338–339
and vulnerability to depression, 18–19
Negative cognitions
anxiety disorders, 200
depression, 46, 90–91
interpersonal relationships and, 25
suicidal behavior and, 489
vulnerability to depression and, 20–22
Negative life events
anorexia nervosa and, 341
social support and, 264
suicidal behavior and, 490–492
Negative self-talk, anxiety disorders and, 215
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, 105
Neuregulin 1 as schizophrenia susceptibility gene, 128
Neuroanatomic studies in schizophrenia, 109–112
Neurobehavioral deficits in schizophrenia, 106–109
Neurobiology
anorexia nervosa and, 337–338
anxiety disorders and, 205–211, 216–218
binge-eating disorder and, 346–347
bulimia nervosa and, 342–343
schizophrenia and, 106–121, 166
substance use disorders and, 372–382
suicidal behavior and, 490
Neurochemistry, anxiety disorders and, 207
Neurocognitive functioning in anorexia nervosa, 337
(p. 878) Neuroendocrine changes
during adolescence, 119–120
child abuse and, 41
in eating disorders, 306t
in schizophrenia, 119–121
Neuroimaging
advances in, xxi–xxii
in anxiety disorders, 207–208
in mood disorders, 42–44
in schizophrenia, 109–112
in substance use disorders, 379–382
Neuroleptic augmentation for OCD, 247
Neurologic signs in schizophrenia, premorbid abnormalities, 169t, 170, 172, 173
Neuropsychological deficits in children of schizophrenic parents, 177
Neuroticism
anxiety disorders and, 210, 256
bulimia nervosa and, 345
as risk factor for psychopathology, 19
and vulnerability to depression, 18–19
Neurotransmitter systems. See also specific types, e.g., Serotonin
in anxiety disorders, 217
in eating disorders, 324
in schizophrenia, 120
in substance use disorders, 374–376
A New State of Mind: Ending the Stigma of Mental Illness (film), 605
NHSDUH (National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health), 389–390
Nicotine receptors, smoking and, 383
Nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT), 446, 449
Nigrostriatal pathway and motor dysfunction in schizophrenia, 107
Novelty, amygdala response to, 205–206
Np (processing negativity) in schizophrenia, 116–118, 117t


Obesity
anorexia nervosa and, 338
binge-eating disorder and, 347
depression and, 17
dieting and, 344
prevention programs, 355–356, 358–359
as risk factor for eating disorders, 359
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
in children and adolescents, 232–238
in DSM-5, xxi, 193
eating disorders and, 302, 303, 340, 345
genetics and, 209t
PANDAS subgroup, 207, 233, 237
rating scale for, 268
signs and symptoms of, 193t
treatment
acute, 219t
in adults, 231–232
in children and adolescents, 233–238
investigational, 237–238
maintenance of gains, 244–245
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 247–248
Obstetrics-gynecology, detection and screening of anxiety disorders and, 268
Olanzapine
for anorexia nervosa, 321–322, 324, 366
for bipolar disorder, 64t, 65–66, 455
for major depressive disorder, 58
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 248
for schizophrenia, 145t, 147–148t
for treatment-resistant depression, 527–528
Ondansetron for bulimia nervosa, 323
Online interventions. SeeInternet interventions/surveys
Onset
first (initial), definition, 72
risk of, versus risk of relapse, 73
Opening Minds program, 606
Opioid abuse
behavioral therapy for, 436–437
clinical aspects, 394–397
detoxification, 447
medications for long-term treatment, 451
withdrawal, 397
Opioid pain relievers, 394–397
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
anxiety disorder and, 198, 203
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and, 7
substance use disorder and, 429
Optimism, 554
Oregon Adolescent Depression Project Study
bipolar disorder and, 33, 34t
overview, 5t
Orlistat for binge-eating disorder, 323
Osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) for ADHD plus substance use disorder, 453
Osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa, 308–309, 310–312
Outward Bound, 430–431, 561b
Oxcarbazepine for bipolar disorder in adolescents, 64t


P1/N1 asymmetry in schizophrenia, 116–118, 117t
P50-early sensory gating endophenotype in schizophrenia, 114, 129–130
P300 (late positive component) in schizophrenia, 115, 116–118, 117t
PACE (Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation) clinic, 135–136
Pacific Islanders, suicide rate of, 485
Pain relievers, opioid, 394–397
PANDAS subgroup of OCD, 207, 233, 237
Panic attacks, neuroticism and, 19
Panic control treatment, 219t, 230–231
Panic disorder
in children and adolescents, 230–231
comorbidities, 197t, 198
bipolar disorder, 37–38
bulimia nervosa, 303
description of, 195
genetics and, 209–210, 209t
prevention of, 270–271
rating scales for, 267–268
signs and symptoms of, 193t
suicidal behavior and, 488
treatment, 219t
in adults, 229–230
in children and adolescents, 230–231
maintenance of gains, 244
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 246–247
Parent(s)
depressed
and offspring depression, 17–18, 27, 63, 80–83, 87
and response to cognitive-behavioral therapy, 51
firearms counseling programs for, 510–512
gambling behavior of, 576
impairments of, 635
substance use by, and offspring substance use, 429
suicidal, and offspring suicide, 489–490
Parent-child interaction
in anxiety disorders, 256–258
in Internet addiction, 593–594
in suicidal behavior, 489–490
Parenting dimension
in alcohol use disorders, 413–414
in anxiety disorders, 258–260
in depression, 25–26
Parietal circuitry in schizophrenia, 121–122
Paroxetine
for anxiety disorders, 22, 236
for major depressive disorder
in adolescents, 59, 455
in adults, 56
for panic disorder, 247
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 238
for social anxiety disorder, 243
for social phobia, 222
Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, 469
Pathological Internet use. SeeInternet addiction
Pathways for Youth, 636
Pathways Model, 577, 581
Patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs)/health homes, 609
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA), xxiii–xxiv, 608–610, 617, 620–621
Patterson’s developmental theory of substance abuse, 464–465, 465f
Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA), xxiii–xxiv, 608, 617, 621, 634
PCP (phencyclidine), 425–426
Peer parents, 616
Peer relations
alcohol use disorders and, 413–414
anxiety disorders and, 260–261
binge-eating disorder and, 348
in children of schizophrenic parents, 172, 174
depression and, 26–27
eating disorders and, 352–353
evidence-based practice for, 616
gambling and, 575, 576
smoking and, 420
substance use disorder and, 384
suicide and, 54–55, 491–493
support groups, 614–615
Penn Resiliency Program, 77–78, 558b
Perfectionism
anorexia nervosa and, 337–339
anxiety disorders and, 222
bulimia nervosa and, 343
Performance-limited social anxiety, 192, 195
Perinatal events
anorexia nervosa and, 338
bulimia nervosa and, 344
Perseverance, positive youth development and, 554
(p. 880) Persistent depressive disorder
with ADHD, 9
DSM-V changes and, 11
lifetime prevalence of, 13
major depressive disorder and, 9–10
secondary, 7
Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation (PACE) clinic, 135–136
Personal Growth Class (PGC), 516
Personality
anorexia nervosa and, 338–339
anxiety disorders and, 210, 256
bulimia nervosa and, 343–344
of children of schizophrenic parents, 177
gambling and, 577
genetic contributions to, 210
major depressive disorder and, 18–20
smoking and, 421
suicidal behavior and, 489
Personality disorder(s)
anorexia nervosa and, 302
borderline, plus suicidal behavior, dialectical behavioral therapy for, 522
schizotypal, 100, 177
HPA axis in, 120
movement abnormalities, 107
Pessimistic attributional style
suicidal behavior and, 489
vulnerability to depression and, 20–22
PGC (Personal Growth Class), 516
Pharmacotherapy
for anorexia nervosa, 321–322, 330
for anxiety disorders
with cognitive-behavioral therapy, 218–219
rationale, 216–218
research agenda, 283–284
for binge-eating disorder, 331
for bipolar disorder
in adolescents, 63–67, 64t
combination therapy, 66–67
maintenance therapy, 67
for bulimia nervosa, 322–323, 330–331
drug interactions and, 456–458
for eating disorders, 321–325, 330–331, 366
evidence-based practice and, 613
for generalized anxiety disorder, 219t, 224
for Internet addiction, 595
for major depressive disorder. See alsoAntidepressants
in adolescents, 59–61
in adults, 56–57
augmentation therapy, 57–58
combination therapy, 57–58
for panic disorder, 219t, 229–230, 231
for phobia, 219t, 227–228, 229
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 219t, 238, 242
for schizophrenia, 143–156
acute treatment, 144–149, 145–148t
adjunctive agents, 149–150
antipsychotic, 144, 145, 145–148t, 149, 151, 152–154t, 155
continuation and maintenance treatment, 151, 152–154t, 155
preventive, 179
for selective mutism, 219t, 223
for separation anxiety disorder, 219t, 227
for social anxiety disorder, 218–219, 219t, 222
for substance use disorders, 444–457, 627
for suicide attempters, 526–531
Phencyclidine (PCP), 425–426
Phenelzine for social anxiety disorder, 243
Phenomics, 105
Phobia
in children and adolescents, 228–229
comorbidities, 197t, 198, 345
description of, 192
genetics and, 209–211, 209t
neuroticism and, 19
signs and symptoms of, 194–195t
treatment, 219t
in adults, 227–228
in children and adolescents, 228–229
maintenance of gains, 244
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 246
Physical abuse, suicidal behavior and, 490–491
Physicians
anxiety disorders, monitoring for symptoms of, 268
eating disorders, treatment of, 322
inpatient detoxification and, 447–448
integrated care and care coordination with, 609
role of, 613–614
SSRI antidepressant risk monitoring, 92, 528–529
substance use disorders, screening for, 622, 624
Pica, 295
Pimozide for schizophrenia, 146t, 152t
Pindolol, augmentation effect, in panic disorder, 247
Political interventions, xxiii–xxiv
for evidence-based practice, 608–610
for firearm restriction, 635–636
for prevention of major depressive disorder, 88
for substance use disorder treatments, 620–621
Polypharmacy, 456–457
Population stratification artifact, 127
Positive Action Program, 558b
(p. 881) Positive and Secondary Control Enhancement Therapy (PASCET), 51
Positive education, 547
Positive emotions, 551–553, 556–557
Positive prevention, 564–565
Positive psychology
definition, 547
as goal of prevention programs, 73, 566
individual characteristics, 553–555
as outcome target for anxiety prevention studies, 275
positive youth development field, integration with, 547, 551–555
principles, 551–553
in schools, 547–548
Positive rehabilitation, 565–566
Positive relationships, 552
Positive youth development, xxiii, 544–568
for at-risk and troubled youth, 564–566
core components of, 548–551
description of, 545–548
future directions for, 563–566
glossary of terms, 567–568
history of, 544–545
indicators of, 559
natural history studies, 563–564
overview, 544–545
positive psychology movement, integration with, 547, 551–555
problem-centered approaches versus, 546–547
programs, 555–566
model, 557, 558–559b
outcome studies, 557, 559, 560–561b
recommendations for, 559, 562–563
research needs, 563–566
resiliency in, 548
for substance abuse prevention, 474
summary of current knowledge, 559, 562–563
working assumptions, 545
Positron emission tomography (PET), 105, 112
Postpartum depression, 47–48
Post-traumatic stress disorder
alcohol use disorders and, 415
bulimia nervosa and, 303, 345
in children and adolescents, 238–239
in DSM-5, xxi, 192
neuroticism and, 19
prevention of, 270, 278
rating scales for, 267–268
signs and symptoms of, 194t
social support and, 263–264
substance abuse and, 261
trauma exposure, adolescence and, 262–263
treatment, 219t
in adults, 238
in children and adolescents, 239–242
maintenance of gains, 245
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 248
Poverty
depression and, 34, 74–75
effects of, 635
firearm access and, 635–636
suicidal behavior, 491
Prefrontal cortex
anxiety and, 217
developmental changes in, 204
suicidal behavior and, 490
Prefrontal-striatal circuitry in schizophrenia, 121–122
Premature birth, anorexia nervosa and, 338
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 10–11
Prevalence
lifetime, 297
point, 297
Prevalence rate, 297
Prevention. See also specific disorders
definitions, 70–73
positive, 73, 564–565
timing for, 86
Prevention programs. See also Universal prevention programs; specific disorders
anxiety disorders, 269–275
for at-risk individuals, 563
eating disorders, 353–361
gambling, 581–584, 583t
goals, 73
historical context, 70–73
major depressive disorder, 76–86
schizophrenia, 134–136, 178–180
stages, 76
substance use disorders, 466–473
suicide, 498–540
Privacy. SeeConfidentiality
Problem behavior theory of substance abuse, 463–464
Problem-centered approach to youth development, 546–547
Problem-solving therapy
for anxiety disorders, 215
for major depressive disorder, 48–49
for schizophrenia, 138–139
for suicidal adolescents, 502–503
for suicidal adults, 522
Procyclidine for schizophrenia, 152t
Project STAR, 471–472
Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies program, 558b
(p. 882) Promotion programs, 563. See alsoPositive youth development
Prospective studies in schizophrenia, 166–167, 168, 170–172
Protective factors, definition, 73
Pruning process
in brain development, 109–110, 110f, 203
in schizophrenia, 109–110
Psilocybin, 424
Psychiatric interview in schizophrenia, 134–135
Psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia, premorbid abnormalities, 168, 169t, 171–172
Psychiatry for detection and screening of anxiety disorders, 268–269
Psychobehavioral influences in alcohol use disorders, 414
Psychodynamic therapy, brief, for major depressive disorder, 48
Psychoeducation. See alsoTraining
for anxiety disorders, 215
for bipolar disorder, 62–63
for depression, 87
for eating disorders, 354–358
for reducing stigma of mental illness, 603
for schizophrenia, 134–135, 139–141, 179
for substance abuse, 466–467
for suicide prevention, 498–505
Psychological characteristics of positive youth development, 551–555
Psychological debriefing, 278
Psychological factors in smoking, 421
Psychology, positive. SeePositive psychology
Psychopharmacotherapy. SeePharmacotherapy
Psychosocial assessment in schizophrenia, 101–102
Psychosocial rehabilitation, 566
Psychosocial therapy. See also specific types, e.g., Cognitive-behavioral therapy
for anorexia nervosa, 316–320, 326–327
for anxiety disorders
with pharmacotherapy, 218–219
rationale, 214–216
research agenda, 283–284
for bipolar disorder, 62–63
for bulimia nervosa, 320–321, 328–329
for eating disorders, 316–321, 325–330, 365–366
for generalized anxiety disorder, 219t, 222–223, 224–225
for Internet addiction, 594–595
for major depressive disorder
in adults, 46–50
in children and adolescents, 50–61
preventive, 77–80, 83–86
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 231–232, 233–235
for panic disorder, 230–231
for phobia, 228–229
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 219t, 238, 239–242
for schizophrenia, 134–142, 151
for selective mutism, 219t, 223
for separation anxiety disorder, 219t, 226–227
for social anxiety disorder, 218–219, 219t, 221–222
for substance use disorders, 430–444, 627
for suicide attempters, 520–525
Psychotherapy. See alsoPsychosocial therapy
for anxiety disorder, xxii
for mood disturbances, xxii
for self-harm, 55
for suicidal behavior, 520–525
Psychoticism in schizophrenia, 105
Psychotropic drugs. See also specific type, e.g., Antipsychotics
for eating disorders, 323–324
Pubertal delay in anorexia nervosa, 308
Pubertal status
anorexia nervosa and, 338
major depressive disorder and, 6–8
Purging in anorexia nervosa, 291, 292b, 302
Purpose, positive youth development and, 552


Quaalude, 388
Quality indicators of mental health services, 609–610, 616
Quantum Opportunities Program, 558b
Question Persuade Refer (QPR), 501–502
Quetiapine
for anorexia nervosa, 322
for bipolar disorder, 64t, 65–68, 455
for major depressive disorder, 58
for treatment-resistant depression, 528


Race/ethnicity. See also specific races and ethnicities
access to mental health services and, 613
anorexia nervosa and, 340–341
depression and, 28–29
eating disorders and, 301, 351–352
gambling and, 573, 576–577
Internet addiction and, 591–592
suicide and, 485
Random drug testing, 467–468, 622–623
Rapid Response (RR) emergency department intervention for suicidal adolescents, 518
Rating scales for anxiety disorders, 264–269
RCMAS (Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale), 266
RDoC (Research Domain Criteria), 364, 636
Reaction Index, 267
(p. 883) Reboxetine for major depressive disorder, 57
Reconnecting Youth (RY) Prevention Research Program, 472, 516
Recovery schools, 629–630
Refeeding in anorexia nervosa, 310
Referral practices, school-based health centers and, 624
Rehabilitation, positive, 565
Relaxation exercises for anxiety disorders, 215
Renal disease, 17
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 61
Research agendas
anxiety disorders, 282–286
bipolar disorder, 94–96
eating disorders, 364–367
evidence-based mental health services, 610–612
major depressive disorder, 90–94
mood disorders, 90–94
schizophrenia, 182–185
substance use disorders, 478–479
suicide prevention, 534–540
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), 364, 636
Resiliency
in children of depressed parents, 80–81
gambling behavior and, 578, 582
as goal of prevention programs, 73
as outcome of positive youth development, 548
Resourceful Adolescent Parenting Program (RAP-P), 55, 524
Respiratory system in panic disorder, 206, 254
Restricting subtype of anorexia nervosa, 291, 292b
Restrictive food intake disorder, 295
Retrospective studies in schizophrenia, 167, 172–173
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), 266
Reward center dysregulation
allostasis and, 376
in animal models, 373–376, 374f
imaging studies and, 379–382
pharmacotherapy for, 446
Risk factors, definition, 72–73
Risk of onset versus risk of relapse, 73
Risperidone
for anorexia nervosa, 322
augmentation effect, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 247
for bipolar disorder, 64t, 65, 455
with lithium, 66
for conduct disorder with substance use disorder, 456
for obsessive compulsive disorder, 247
for schizophrenia, 145, 145t, 147–148t, 179
Ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 232, 233
Rohypnol abuse, 424
Roofies, 424
rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation), 61
Rumination disorder, 295


Sample size for prevention studies, 86
SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment) projects, 622–625
Schizophrenia, xxiii
adolescent-onset, developmental precursors, 165–180
age-at-onset, 100, 159, 159t
brain circuitry in, 121–123
frontal-temporal, 121–122
implications for adolescence, 123
prefrontal-striatal, 121–122
brain developmental abnormalities and, 165, 177
children at risk for, longitudinal studies, 166, 168, 170–172, 177–178
cognitive deficits, 108–109
pharmacotherapy, 149
premorbid, 164, 164t, 170–172, 171f, 173, 175
comorbid syndromes, adjunctive treatments, 149–150
defining, 100–131
depression and, 125–126, 150
diagnostic criteria for, 100–101
duration of untreated psychosis, outcome and, 135, 155
early interventions
effectiveness, 178–180
preventive strategies, 134–136
early-onset, 100, 102–104
educational interventions, 134–135, 139–141, 179
electrophysiology, 112–121
emotion-processing deficits, 108
endophenotypes
definitions based on, 105
gene-finding utility, 129–130
molecular genetic studies, 130
research findings, 168, 169t, 172, 173
etiology, 106–121
event-related potential studies, 112–121, 117t.See alsoEvent-related potentials (ERPs)
acute treatment, 144, 146–148t
maintenance treatment, 151, 152–154t, 155
pharmacological management, 144–156, 146–148t
psychotic relapses after, 144
(p. 884)
treatment of residual symptoms and comorbid syndromes, 149–150
treatment-refractory, 149
genetic counseling, 130–131
genetic studies, 124–131, 177–178
of association, 126–128
and disease mechanisms, 128–129
endophenotypes for, 105, 130
of familial aggregation, 124
future directions, 131
of linkage, 126–127
of psychiatric disorders transmitted, 125–126
susceptibility genes, 127–128
twin, 125
magnetoencephalography, 118–119
motor deficits, 106–108, 161–162, 161t, 163t, 169t, 170, 171, 172–173
natural history of, 104t
negative symptoms, 105, 149
neuroanatomic studies on, 109–112
neurobehavioral deficits and, 106–109
neurobiology and, 106–121, 166
neuroendocrinology and, 119–121
outcome studies on, 142
overview of, 100–106
pathophysiology, in adolescence, 123–124
pharmacotherapy, 143–156
acute treatment, 144–149, 145–148t
adjunctive agents, 149–150
antipsychotics, 144, 145, 145–148t, 149, 151, 152–154t, 155
continuation and maintenance treatment, 151, 152–154t, 155
preventive, 179
phenomenology, 101–105
and genetics, 105–106
and neural basis, 104–105
research questions, 104
positive symptoms, pharmacotherapy, 149
premorbid abnormalities, 159–165
age specificity, 168, 169t, 170–172
behavioral problems, 162–164, 168, 169t, 170, 173–174, 175–176
birth cohort studies, 166, 172
cognitive deficits, 164, 164t, 170–172, 171f, 173, 175
consistency of findings, 172–173
developmental milestones, 161–162, 161t, 163t, 173
follow-back studies, 167, 172–173
high-risk studies, 166, 168, 170–172, 177–178
implications for preventive intervention, 175–176
key precursors, 176–178
language delay, 161, 162t
motor deficits, 161–162, 161t, 163t, 169t, 170, 171, 172–173
neurologic signs, 169t, 170, 172, 173
psychiatric symptoms (nonschizophrenic), 168, 169t, 171–172
research needs, 174–175
research strategies to identify, 167–174
and vulnerability hypothesis, 165
prevention efforts, 158–180, 565
effectiveness, 178–180
strategies, 134–136, 158
targets for, 175–176
prodromal symptoms, 102–103, 102b, 104t, 159
acute treatment, 144, 145t, 149
characteristics, 143, 176–177
early treatment projects, 135–136
maintenance treatment, 151, 155
psychosocial assessment, 101–102
psychosocial treatment, 134–142, 151
cognitive-behavioral therapy, 136–137, 149–150
cognitive remediation therapy, 137–138
compliance therapy, 141
family-oriented, 139–141
interpersonal therapy, 138
preventive, 179
social skills training, 138–139
relapses, 144
research agenda, 182–185
residual symptoms, adjunctive treatments, 149–150
risk factors for
developmental perspective, 167–174
and prevention strategies, 158
simple, 100
spectrum of, 125–126
stigmatization of, 601, 602
substance abuse and, 101, 142–143
suicidal behavior and, 150
symptoms of
assessment, 101
dimensional groupings, 105
early, and illness course, 102–104, 102b, 104t
treatment, 134–156
very early-onset, 100, 103
Schizotaxia, 158, 177
Schizotypal personality disorder
children of schizophrenic parents and, 177
in DSM- 5, 100
HPA axis in, 120
movement abnormalities, 107
School factors. See alsoPeer relations (p. 885)
in anxiety disorders, 260–261
in suicidal behavior, 493, 495
School refusal. See alsoSeparation anxiety disorder
and detection of anxiety disorders, 267
Schools. See alsoColleges
drug testing programs, 467–468
educational interventions
drug abuse, 466–468
eating disorders, 354–356
gambling, 582, 583t
for reducing stigma of mental illness, 603, 606
schizophrenia, 134–135, 179
social anxiety disorder, 222
suicide prevention, 493
positive psychology, 547–548
positive youth development programs, 556–559, 558–561b
postvention programs, 509–510
screening programs
anxiety disorders, 266–268
substance use, 622–623
suicide prevention, 54–55, 498–500, 502–505
training for staff in, 628, 634
treatment programs, suicide attempters, 516–517
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, 266
Screening
anxiety disorders, 264–269
in psychiatric care settings, 268–269
substance use disorders, 621–625
suicidal behavior, 498–500
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) projects, 622–625
Seasonal affective disorder, 9
Seattle Social Development Project, 559b
Selective mutism
in DSM-5, xxi, 192
maintenance of gains, 243
treatment, 219t, 223
in younger children, 222
Selective prevention programs
for anxiety disorders, 272–273
definition, 72
for suicidal behavior, 508–514
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
for anxiety disorders, 210, 456
for bulimia nervosa, 322
and depression after exposure to child abuse, 24
for generalized anxiety disorder, 225–226
for major depressive disorder, 56
in adults, 56
in children and adolescents, 52, 59–60
with substance use disorder, 455–456
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 235–236
for panic disorder, 230, 231
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 238, 242
for separation anxiety disorder, 227
suicidal ideation and, 59–60, 527–530
Selegiline transdermal system, 60
Self-control, positive youth development and, 550, 554
Self-harm
antidepressants and, 60
depression, 54
Self-image and self-esteem programs, 359–361
Seligman program for prevention of depression, 77–78
Sensory gating in schizophrenia, 114, 129–130
Separation, depression and, 22
Separation anxiety disorder
comorbidities, 197t, 198
description of, 192
in DSM-5, xxi, 192
genetics and, 209–210
signs and symptoms of, 194t
treatment, 219t, 226–227, 243
Septal-hippocampal system in anxiety disorders, 217
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial, 57
Serotonin
in anorexia nervosa, 321
in anxiety disorders, 217
in binge-eating disorder, 346
in bulimia nervosa, 342–343
impulsive behavior and, 383
in suicidal behavior, 490
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors. SeeSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Sertraline
for generalized anxiety disorder, 224
for major depressive disorder
in adults, 56
in children and adolescents, 59, 60–61
with substance use disorder, 455
for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 236–237
for panic disorder, 247
for post-traumatic stress disorder, 238, 242, 248
for social anxiety disorder, 243
Service delivery systems for substance use disorders, 620–631
future of, 628–629
lack of, 626–627
quality of, 627–628
staff credentialing, 628
summary of, 631
Sex differences. SeeGender differences
(p. 886) Sex hormones, adolescent behavior and, 119–120
Sexual abuse
anorexia nervosa and, 341
bulimia nervosa and, 345
cognitive-behavioral therapy, response to, 51
post-traumatic stress disorder and, 239–240
suicidal behavior and, 491–492
Sexual assault, depression and, 24
Sexual behaviors, high-risk, alcohol-related, 411
Sexual orientation, suicidal behavior and, 491–492, 495, 513–514, 524
Short stature in anorexia nervosa, 308
Shyness, 256
Sibling influences in alcohol use disorders, 414
Signs of Suicide (SOS) program, 501
Skeletal abnormalities in eating disorders, 306t
Skills, Opportunities, and Recognition program, 559b
Skills training for suicide prevention, 502–503
Skin abnormalities in eating disorders, 306t
Sleep, Internet addiction and, 594
Slim body ideal
anorexia nervosa and, 339–340
bulimia nervosa and, 344–345
Smoking
age of purchase, 470
anxiety disorders and, 260–261
cessation
behavioral therapy, 437
pharmacotherapy for, 449
research, 448
clinical aspects of, 416–421
communication of risks and nicotine dependence, 417–419
determinants of, 420
e-cigarettes, 448–449
epidemic of, 389
genetics and, 385, 420
mass media prevention campaigns for, 468–469
price interventions for, 469
socioenvironmental factors and, 420–421
trends in, xxii, 419–420, 420f, 637
Social anxiety disorder. See alsoSelective mutism
in children and adolescents, 220–221
description of, 192, 195
eating disorders and, 302, 303, 340, 345
Internet addiction for coping with, 589
rating scales for, 266
signs and symptoms of, 194t
treatment, 219–223, 219t
in adults, 218–219, 222
in children and adolescents, 221–222
maintenance of gains, 243
management of partial response and nonresponse to, 246
in schools, 222
Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised, 267
Social barriers to care, 352–353
Social cognitive functioning in anorexia nervosa, 337
Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children, 267
Social rhythm therapy, interpersonal therapy with, for bipolar disorder, 62
Social skills
deficits
depression and, 26–27
Internet addiction and, 589–590
schizophrenia and, 170, 177
as protective factor in suicide, 495
training
for major depressive disorder, 53
for schizophrenia, 138–139
for suicidal behavior, 502–503
Social support
anxiety disorders and, 263–264
Internet addiction and, 588–589, 594
Societal factors in alcohol use disorders, 413
Socioeconomic status. See alsoPoverty
anorexia nervosa and, 340–341, 351
bipolar disorder and, 35
depression and, 28, 74–75
Socioenvironmental factors in smoking, 420–421
Sociotropy, depression and, 24–25
SoCRATES (Study of Cognitive Reality Alignment Therapy in Early Schizophrenia), 137
SOS (Signs of Suicide) program, 501
Span of apprehension, schizophrenia and, 170, 171f
Speedballing, 396
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, 266
Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System (MPH-SODAS), 454
Sports participation
anorexia nervosa and, 341–342
substance use disorder and, 384
Stacked Deck gambling prevention program, 583t
Stature, short, in anorexia nervosa, 308
Steps to Prevent Firearms Injury Program (STOP), 512
Stigma of mental illness, 600–606
anxiety prevention programs and, 278–279
in community attitudes, 601
consequences of, 600
factors contributing to, 601–603
(p. 887)
programs for reduction of, 605–606
reducing, 603–605
Stimulant abuse, 397–400, 400t
alcohol and, 400
clinical aspects, 397–400, 400t
treatment, 451–452
STOP (Steps to Prevent Firearms Injury Program), 512
Stranger fear, absence of, schizophrenia and, 170
Strengthening Families Program, 471
Streptococcal prophylaxis for PANDAS, 237
Stress
anxiety disorders and, 216–217
brain substrates, 216–217
drug addiction and, 375
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and, 40–41
Internet addiction and, 593–594
major depressive disorder and, 22–25, 40
prepartum exposure to, 23
suicidal behavior and, 493
Stress-diathesis model of depression, 20–22
Stress disorder
acute, 270
Striatal-prefrontal circuitry in schizophrenia, 121–122
Striatum and motor dysfunction in schizophrenia, 107
Stroop task, 201–202
Study of Cognitive Reality Alignment Therapy in Early Schizophrenia (SoCRATES), 137
Subjective well-being, positive youth development and, 551–553
Substance use. See also specific name of substance
abuse versus dependence, xxi, 394–400
data sources, 389–391
depression and, 73
drug testing programs, 467–468
epidemics of, 386–391
multiple agents, 428–429
parental substance use and, 429
prevalence and trends, 392–393f, 400–406, 408–409
rates of, 637
Substance use disorders. See also specific name of substance
in animal models
biological research based on, 373–374, 374f
of conditioned drug effects, 376
of drug reward, 374–375
anxiety disorders and, 192, 198, 261
brain executive inhibitory circuitry defects, 377
brain reward center dysregulation, 376
allostasis and, 376
in animal models, 373–376, 374f
imaging studies, 379–382
pharmacotherapy for, 446
as chronic condition, 629–630
clinical aspects of, 394–426
alcohol and, 406–416, 408t, 409–410f
club drugs and, 426
cocaine/stimulants and, 397–400, 400t
“ecstasy” (MDMA) and, 422
GHB and, 424
hallucinogens and, 424–425
heroin/opioids and, 394–397, 396t
inhalants and, 422–424
marijuana and, 400–406, 405f
PCP and, 425–426
rohypnol and, 424
tobacco and, 416–421
comorbidities
anxiety disorders, 456
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 453–454
binge-eating disorder, 348
bipolar disorder, 38–39, 455
data sources, 389–391
depression, 17, 52, 455–456
eating disorders, 302, 303, 345
Internet addiction, 589
special considerations, 456–458
treatment, 429, 442–443, 452–456
detoxification, 446–448
developmental theories of, 462–466
drug-related cues and, 380–382
early interventions for, 621, 625–626
epidemiology of, 386–391
genetics and, 382–386, 383f, 463–464
Internet addiction for coping with, 588–589
neuroadaptations for, 376
neurobiology of addiction and, xxii, 372–382, 374f, 378f
pharmacotherapy, 444–457
abstinence and relapse prevention, 448
comorbidity and, 452–457
detoxification, 446–448
to reduce drug reward and craving, 446
prevention programs for, xxii–xxiii, 466–473
community environmental interventions, 470
environmental universal interventions, 468–470
family-focused interventions, 470–472, 471f
future directions and challenges, 473–475
genetics knowledge, applying, 472–473
indicated, 472
(p. 888)
model, summaries and reviews, 473–475
multilevel, 473
school-based universal interventions, 466–468
selective, 470–471
theoretical and conceptual models, 460, 461f
psychosocial therapy, 430–444
assessment issues, 441–442
comorbidity and, 442–443
disease model approaches, 440
evaluation studies, 430–433
inpatient approaches, 430–433, 443
motivational approaches, 439–440
multisystem approaches, 435–436
outpatient approaches, 432–433
process research and mechanisms of action, 440–441
randomized clinical trials, 433–434
research agenda, 478–479
risk factors and protective factors for, 460–462
schizophrenia and, 101
screening for, 621–625
barriers to, 623–624
future of, 624–625
in healthcare settings, 622
in schools, 622–623
suicide and, 54, 488–489
treatment, 428–457
access to, 620
acute versus chronic care, 621
obstacles, 428–429
service delivery systems, 620–631
future of, 628–629
lack of, 626–627
quality of, 627–628
staff credentialing, 628
summary of, 631
support groups for, 614–615
trends in adolescents Seeking, 392–393f
vulnerability to
in adolescents, 376–378, 378f
D2 dopamine receptors and, 379–380
withdrawal, 375
treatment, 376
Suicidal ideation
antidepressants and, 59–60, 526–530
depression and, 54–55
gambling and, 574, 577
Suicide and suicidal behavior, xxiii
alcohol abuse and, 411
anorexia nervosa and, 304
etiology of, 488–496
firearms availability and, 494
gender differences in, 485
normalization of, 493
prevention programs for
ecological and comprehensive approaches, 503–505
emergency department, 517–519
evaluation studies, 538–539
firearms restriction, 510–512
gatekeeper training programs, 500–502
indicated, 516–531
in juvenile justice systems, 512–513
LGBT youth and, 513–514
Native American youth and, 508–509
overview, 496
pharmacotherapy, 526–531
posthospitalization, 519–520
posthospitalization programs, 519–520
psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy, 520–525
research agenda, 534–540
school-based programs for suicidal students, 516–517
screening programs, 498–500
skills training, 502–503
suicide awareness and education, 498–505
universal, 498–505
youth exposed to suicide and, 509–510
protective factors for, 494–495
racial/ethnic differences in, 485
rates of, 484–485, 484–485f, 635, 637
risk factors for, 488–494
availability of means, 494–495
behavioral and personality factors, 489
biological factors, 489–490
contagion, 492–493, 509–510
depression, 54
family environment, 490–492
genetic factors, 489–490
negative life events, 490–492
previous suicidal behavior, 489
psychopathology, 488–489
sexual orientation, 491–492
social-behavioral skills, 495
substance abuse, 488–489
schizophrenia and, 150
scope and demographics of, 484–485f
substance abuse and, 488
summary of knowledge about, 534–535
treatment programs
emergency department, 517–519
pharmacological, 526–531
posthospitalization, 519–520
psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy, 55–56, 520–525
violence exposure and, 75
(p. 889) Surgeon General’s report on mental health, 72
Surveys. See also specific surveys
comorbidities, 17, 32, 389–391
Susceptibility genes
in schizophrenia
and adolescence, 129
identification, 127–128
in substance use disorders, 385


Teasing, binge-eating disorder and, 348
Teen Health2000 Study
bipolar disorder and, 33, 34t
depression and, 15t, 16
overview, 5t
Telephone help lines, 600
Television. See alsoMass media
adolescent viewing time, 603
for reducing stigma of mental illness, 604–605
Temperament. SeePersonality
Temporal-frontal circuitry in schizophrenia, 121–122
Test Anxiety Scale for Children, 268
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 401
Therapeutic community for substance use disorders, 429
Thinness, societal emphasis on, 339–340, 344–345, 349–351
Threat, amygdala response to, 205–206
Threat bias in anxiety disorders
attentional, 201–202
interpretative, 202–203
Time to Change (TTC) program, 605
TIPs (Treatment and Intervention in Psychosis) project, 135–136
Tobacco. SeeSmoking
Tolerance
alcohol, 407
cannabis, 403
marijuana, 403
Topiramate for bulimia nervosa, 323
TORDIA (Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents) study, 52, 61
Training. See alsoPsychoeducation
evidence-based practice
identification of pediatric mental health conditions, 613, 617
technology use for, 613–614
on identification of substance use disorder, 625
of school staff, 628, 634
social skills
for major depressive disorder, 53
for schizophrenia, 138–139
suicidal behavior, gatekeeper training programs, 500–502
Transgender people, 491–492, 495, 513–514
Tranylcypromine for major depressive disorder, 58
Trauma, stress after. SeePost-traumatic stress disorder
Trauma exposure, anxiety and, 262–263
Treatment and Intervention in Psychosis (TIPs) project, 135–136
Treatment of Adolescent Depression Study (TADS), 51, 54, 59, 91–92
Treatment of mental health disorders. See also specific disorders
definition, 72
effectiveness of, 72
impact of stigmatization on, 601–603
insufficiency of, 634–635
minor consent for, 630–631
online, 615
research developments in, xxii
Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study, 52, 61
Trevor Project, 513–514
Tricyclic antidepressants
for generalized anxiety disorder, 224, 225
for major depressive disorder in adults, 57
for panic disorder, 230
Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia, 146t, 152t
Trihexyphenidyl for schizophrenia, 148t
Triiodothyronine for major depressive disorder, 58
Triple-P (Positive Parenting Program), 473
TTC (Time to Change) program, 605
Twelve-Step Minnesota model, 440
Twin studies
in bipolar disorder, 34
in schizophrenia, 125
in substance use disorders, 384–385


Universal prevention programs
for anxiety disorders, 273–274
definition, 72
for eating disorders, 354–356
for major depressive disorder, 78
for substance use disorders, 466–467
for suicide, 498–505
University of Illinois, suicide attempter treatment programs of, 525


Varenicline, 449
Venlafaxine
for generalized anxiety disorder, 22, 226
for major depressive disorder, 52, 56, 58, 60–61
for suicidal behavior, 527, 530
(p. 890) Verbal memory deficit in children of schizophrenic parents, 170–171
Video game addiction. SeeInternet addiction
Vietnam War, drug use and, 388
Violence, exposure to
anxiety and, 262–263
depression and, 75
post-traumatic stress disorder and, 75, 238–239
Vitamin D supplementation, in anorexia nervosa, 311
Vomiting in bulimia nervosa, 292, 309–310
Vortioxetine for major depressive disorder, 57


Wanna Bet? gambling prevention program, 583t
Web-based interventions. SeeInternet interventions/surveys
Webinars for evidence-based practice, 614
Weight-bearing exercise in anorexia nervosa, 311
Weight gain
fear of, as criterion for anorexia nervosa, 291
inappropriate behaviors to prevent, as criterion for bulimia nervosa, 292
Weight loss. See alsoDieting
binge-eating disorder, 323
as criterion for anorexia nervosa, 291
Weight restoration for eating disorders, 312, 322
Well-being, positive youth development and, 551–553
White matter volume
developmental changes, 109–111, 110f
in schizophrenia, 109–112
Workforce expansion, 617, 624
World Health Organization, 349, 617


Youth development
applications, 546–547
bio-ecological approach, 546
problem-centered approach, 546–547
Youth Gambling: An Awareness and Prevention Workshop, 583t
Youth Making Choices gambling prevention program, 583t
Youth-Nominated Support Team (YST) for suicide attempters, 519–520
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, eating disorders and, 301
Youth Suicide Prevention and Intervention Program, 504


Zero-tolerance policies, 622–623
Zinc supplementation for anorexia nervosa, 322
Ziprasidone for bipolar disorder, 64t, 65
Zuni Life Skills Curriculum, 508