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The American Psychiatric Association classifies substance-related disorders into several categories. These include intoxication, withdrawal, substance use disorder, and substance-induced disorder. The goals of this chapter are to understand the different categories and symptoms of substance use disorders and to rate the overall severity of the client’s substance use problem. ...Less

Nearly two decades of research exist that use emerging adulthood as an organizing developmental construct to describe individuals ages 18–29. Yet, much remains to be learned regarding how to best provide effective substance use disorder prevention and treatment services to this population. This chapter argues that emerging adults should be considered a special population worthy of additional research and clinical program development efforts. Additionally, it provides one clinical scientist’s views on priority research and clinical practice areas that may improve substance use disorder treatment and prevention services to emerging adults. These priority research areas include increasing access and retention of emerging adults in substance use treatment, improving the diagnostic classification of substance use problems with emerging adults, monitoring macro-level trends with marijuana and opiate use among emerging adults, and gaining a better understanding of whether developmental constructs thought to be unique to emerging adults predict the onset, course, or treatment response of substance use disorders. ...Less

This chapter reviews state-of-the-art substance use prevention and treatment models available for college-attending and non-college-attending emerging adults. Findings on the widely researched Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS) model are summarized, as well as those for community-level prevention efforts for college students. For non-college attending emerging adults, motivational interviewing, twelve step facilitation treatment, and cognitive-behavioral therapies have the most empirical support. Few studies are available on the use of primary care–based interventions for emerging adults, which are needed if integrated care is to be realized. There is also new evidence suggesting personalized feedback is less effective than other treatments for emerging adults in non-college settings. Finally, the chapter discusses the mixed findings on electronic interventions and provides recommendations for future research. ...Less

Chapter 15 discusses relationship factors in treating substance use disorders, and surveys the literatures connecting several types of relationship factors and specific domains of substance use disorders. Because of the commonalities in the role of relationship factors in substance use and eating disorders, the chapter also includes studies that have focused on eating disorders. The research surveyed includes studies examining treatments for alcohol, drug abuse, smoking, and eating related problems. The chapter focuses on relationship factors that assess the connection between therapist and client, the connection between family and client, and the connection between peers and client. ...Less

Developmental processes influence emerging adults’ substance use. Such processes may occur both before and during the period of emerging adulthood, which lasts roughly from ages 18 to 29. This chapter begins by reviewing the prevalence of risky substance use and substance use disorders among emerging adults as well as the sequelae of such use. After a brief review of Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood, the chapter provides an updated review of how the dimensions of emerging adulthood (i.e., identity exploration, feeling in between, self-focus, instability, optimism) are associated with substance use. Also reviewed are the additional risk factors for substance use that likely interact with these dimensions. ...Less